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 History of Emoticons and Emojis

As members of society become increasingly attached to our phones and technology, the aloof faces and and images of a secondary keyboard are increasingly seen. They aid in conveying emotion via text and e-mail. Emoticons make sure nothing is lost in translation and nonverbal cues can be added to a conversation that isn't happening face to face. While sometimes coming off as a little too casual and unprofessional, their lighthearted nature does have its place in academic feedback and workplace messages. 

The first recorded usage of an emoticon took place in an 1881 magazine. They serve as a reaction or display of emotion. The admittedly unsettling faces conveyed four ever important emotions in print for the first time. This magazine was known for political satire and commentary, almost like a predecessor to 'The Onion'.

The word emoticon is a combination of emotion, and icon. Sarcasm is far more evident in a message when it is followed by the stalwart face of indifference. With enough creativity, you can create just about any expression imaginable using a keyboard. The modern birth of emoticons came from professor Scott Fahlman in 1982. He suggested the usage of a smiley face to make it clear if a joke was being told and prevent misunderstandings. 

As online chatrooms and messaging become more common in the nineties, the usage of emoticons went up. They help to follow up a statement with added connotation subbing in for vocal inflections and facial expressions. 

On the other side of the world Japanese artist Shigetaka Kurita created the first emoji whilst working for a mobile carrier. Emojis are basically the upgraded descendant of emoticons. Offering a wider variety of colorful expressions, items, and people. The far more detailed images can be added to any message to take it from cold and distant to cordial and forgiving. As more and more generations adopt texting as part of their daily routine emojis become a more frequent site. As of 2015, over six billion emojis were sent daily. Chances are this number has drastically increased. 

With every IOS update countless emojis are added for anything you could ever possibly imagine. So many modern emojis are useless in about 98% of situations, but when the time comes and you for some peculiar reason need a moped or a microscope emoji, it will be there. 

Another modern update from emoticons is the transcendence past facial expressions. Some have changed in meaning, such as the crying emoji often used to depict humor and laughter. Others are items that serve to represent something else. Possibly seen as an extension of slang, a fire emoji would be used to show when something is cool rather than the presence of an actual fire. There are even special apps where you can create your own custom ones such as Memoji. They are usable in the format of selfies even mimicking your expressions incase you feel the generated 3D image better conveys feeling than your actual expressions. As more time passes and the massive library of emojis increases, emoticons become increasingly obsolete. 

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Rise of Artificial Intelligence, Downfall of Civilization?

With every technological advancement, you will hear harrowing warnings from harbingers of doom. No amount of discourse about classic films such as 'The Matrix' will adequately prepare us for monster of our own design, artificial intelligence. In the most bleak terms, if we really are headed on this path, there isn't much we can do to stop it. Technology isn't going to stop advancing and the incredible feats and convenience isn't going anywhere. The endless possibilities of our destruction only get scarier with extra thought. 

The computing power of artificial intelligence is incredible without a doubt and its abilities only become more accessible over time, such as AI generated art. The more complex its creations and computing becomes the worse off we could be. Human fail-safes such as the Turing Test attempt to cover the potential negative paths technology can take. In a dramatic comparison, this is like trying to block a gunshot with a napkin. It may already be out of our control if we are a simulation millions of layers from the base reality. If AI is smart enough to pass the Turing Test, chances are its smart enough to pretend to fail. 

Even if the threat isn't some cybernetic monstrosity capable of profound thought, AI still prevents risks and threats. Privacy has never been harder to come by, strangers and entities can suddenly locate your address of a social media comment. You are being monitored more and more. A startling example was the phone assistant capable of normal conversation for setting up an appointment. Its ability to adapt and speak naturally made it indistinguishable from a human. A foreign threat can invade your computer and take all your private information if you use the internet recklessly. AI and identity theft is an understated threat of the deep web. A solid VPN and fake G-Mail has never been more important. For all its contributions and revolutionary ability, AI is a rose covered in numerous deadly thorns. 

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 Diffusion Theory in Regards to TikTok

Social media is arguably the largest and most influential technological change of the modern world. Regardless of opinions, it is here to stay. Social media has been integrated into every aspect of our lives sometimes to an almost smothering degree. The necessity of a smart fridge that can use apps and connect to the internet is certainly debatable, but imagine telling someone fifty years ago you would be able to "tweet" via the door of your refrigerator.  Why has social media has such an all consuming and rapid rise to the forefront of a modern upbringing?

The most common answer for why Facebook and Instagram users have an active profile is simply to keep in touch with friends and family, see what they're up to. This does not really cover the cultural powerhouse that is TikTok which somewhat bridged a generational gap. Seeing my mother use the same social media app as my younger sister was unheard of. Everybody can find their own particular niche of content to follow or even produce. So many content creators had no plans to generate a massive following and become celebrities. 

You seriously can see the egregious juxtaposition of a Ukraine war video, sports highlights and move clips, or just some teenagers dancing to the latest hit songs within the span of a minute. This instantaneous gratification can fry dopamine receptors and slaughter already depleting attention spans. This ultimate time waster rapidly addicting and comforting in times of boredom. Thus being part of why the app spread to all demographics. 

With its massive popularity comes a disproportionate amount of influence, both culturally and even in politics. In 2020 many users utilized the apps reach to stand with the Black Lives Matter Movement and show their support. Whether through jokes or serious statements the app can sway political events. A lot of music today is tailored and created (absolutely for the worse) specifically to go viral on the app and push streams through the roof. A Netflix show can go from unpopular to number one in the country off a little discourse and trendy content on the app. This massive pop culture discourse leads to FOMO. The fear of missing out inspires more people to get involved and stay in the know rather than not understand the latest trends and slang. Back in early 2019, TikTok was not as popular and it was almost seen as "dorky" to have an active profile there. Today, it's surprising and impressive to hear someone abstains from using the app. 

TikTok has a growing list of negative effects and controversy due to foreign ownership and potential negative impacts. I can see where these come from agree to an extent, letting a user know who has them in their phones contacts is an invasive and slippery slope. Yet I still use this app and waste plenty of time mindlessly scrolling. The cost benefit is easy to ignore with a dopamine farm accessible at all times.

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 Eight Speech Theories 

The speech theory that most personally resonates with me is the fourth.  Although it may not be as important or hold as much weight as some of the others, it is the most relatable one to me. It is deeply important to me to hold a strong sense of self and identity. I would never find any fulfillment in trying to alter who I am or change for somebody else. (Why Is Individualism Important?) The fastest way to nip a sense of individuality in the bud is being censored. If you can't freely speak your mind it becomes significantly harder to express yourself. A lack of identity through restriction of expression such as school uniforms, censorship of certain media, and a push towards conformity can often have an effect opposite of it's intention.

One of the best ways this speech theory is represented is through music. Both in the music artists make, and the musicians people choose to listen to. You can see it in action everyday, if you ask ten people their favorite musician, the chances you get ten different answers is fairly high. It helps you express yourself while finding kindred spirits in an artists other fans. "In the moment, it has the ability to influence our moods, inspire energy, and remind us of cherished memories. While over time, music has an even greater impact as it shapes our identity and allows us to express our true selves." Certain songs hold more personal meaning and room for expression due to the various memories and feelings I have attached to them.

A relevant issue with this freedom of expression is something has only recently come to the forefront. That would be the use of song lyrics, particularly rap, against the musician in court in a self incriminating fashion. This is a slippery slope to go down as many artists play up to a character or speak on fictional matters in their songs. The Restoring Artists Protection Act, the RAP Act, is a proposal to limit the use of lyrics in federal criminal proceedings. An argument is made that the use of rap lyrics in court is inherently prejudiced and used in a discriminatory manner. The use of song lyrics is only seen in the rap genre and stifles the artists ability to tell a story. 

There is not much room to discern between a confession, incriminatory statement, or fiction/satire. It could also potentially limit the creative room for artists who intentionally make horror themed content or "scary" music. While not my cup of tea the nineties rap duo Insane Clown Posse makes music that is intentionally theatrically horror inspired and talks of many extremely dark themes. If they were looking over their shoulder worried they would be prosecuted for their satirical songs, almost their entire discography would be gone. 

Musicians across all genres have signed a petition, partnering with streaming services such as Spotify to stop the use of lyrics in a courtroom. They cited the first amendment and felt they should be protected under it. Free speech is key to individuality and self expression. Having song lyrics treated similarly to a direct threat to the president is unconstitutional.

While not having a shred of musical talent and ability in my body, music and the different genres and artists I listen to mean the world in terms of self identity and expression. Freedom of speech and the protection of the first amendment is crucial to myself and those around me. Any attempt to hinder this freedom or take part of it away is simply not okay. 

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 Supreme Court Reflection

The Judicial branch of the US government and the Supreme Court are amongst the oldest foundations of our nation dating all the way back to 1789. As distant in the past as that seems it was recent relative to other famous judicial practices such as Hammurabi's Code. I must say aside from the basics, the majority of my legal knowledge and understanding of a court comes from the television drama 'Better Call Saul'. 

 

The law creating the Supreme Court being signed by George Washington was something I did not previously know, but makes quite a bit of sense now. I've always been surprised that the justices serve until their death. Mainly because so many other positions of power and political influence are served in terms so to prevent an impromptu 'reign of terror'. Another small fact I was not previously familiar with is that William Howard Taft served as Supreme Court Justice and the president. That makes for quite the resume or LinkedIn page. 

I think the most important part of the Supreme Court is it's ability to keep the other two branches of government in check. This court does not have to blindly follow the actions of the president or congress. Another basic concept of any high school civics class, the balance of powers. The recent reversal of the 'Roe V. Wade' decision has been an important take away, seeing the change it has had on different states and it's citizens. I'm surprised to see less media buzz surrounding that case. The debate and outpour of opinions following that decision is amongst the most I have seen in my lifetime. 

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Five Major Sources of News and Information

As society and social media become more and more intertwined with each passing day, the gap in how certain age groups get their news widens. There is a not so subtle shift in the way individuals receive the majority of their news. There are so many different outlets and formats vying for attention at all times. 

Different news outlets take various angles and political stances. Some people, such as my parents greatly prefer to get all of their news from a source that leans the same way as their views. I personally prefer to seek out some semblance of unbiased reporting which can be hard to come by. That said, I also consume the majority of my news in a far different manner from my parents. My father who detests phones and social media, relies solely on tv channels, whereas I don't remember the last time I sat down to watch a news channel.

1 TikTok

Easily the most unorthodox entry on this list, the realization that I get news from the biggest time waster of an app was a surprising and daunting one. I certainly wouldn't say it's the most credible of sources. Where it stands out is the timely manner in which breaking news is distributed and shared around the platform. I would say only twitter is stronger when it comes to timeliness and relevance. TikTok also has the benefit of being able to see what other people are saying in the comments, as well as videos from everybody.

2 Twitter

This is most likely my favorite source of news. Every possible trend and breaking story is updated in real time from multiple outlets and people. I can refresh it constantly and find out what is being said about any topic. I use twitter for the majority of my news endeavors, whether it is sports, current events, class related, or just entertainment content that I enjoy. This has remained the same over the past few years while the platform continues to grow. The recent acquisition of twitter by Elon Musk could pose potential changes but I believe Twitter will remain as my top source, in particular with new care towards preserving free speech. 

3 WRAL 5 News

WRAL is the local news station of my hometown outside Raleigh, NC. This source is more of a past tense for me now. Growing up, before I had a phone, any sort of sudden interest in the news would be satiated with this network. It's primary use for me was to see if school was cancelled cause of snow or if my soccer game would get rained out. I could always count on this channel to keep me updated on stories in my local area as well as nationwide news. 

4 Google News 

 

When it comes to news sources, I consider Google News to be the easiest to skim over while still retaining information. If I need a source for classwork, the first place I will often look is google news. I also appreciate how with google news you can find stories from a variety of different outlets. So maybe a story from somewhere I wouldn't normally look catches my attention, such as Fox or CNN,  and I can broaden my horizons a bit. It also has news for every form of content possible, whether it be sports, politics, or entertainment.

5 The New York Times

Another news outlet I use primarily for classwork and discussion. I mainly use it to read specific columnists such as Rory Smith. I tend to find the New York Times to be fairly biased but still appreciate what it has to offer from time to time. I prefer my news to be free but spending four dollars a month is not the end of the world. 

Multimedia Story Dylan Brehm

 Frequent Exercise Strengthens Performance in The Classroom

by Dylan Brehm

         For those who struggle to focus on assignments or pay attention in class, exercise may be the answer. Spending time in the weight room has become a daily tradition that may offer more benefits outside of the gym. Brief stints of physical activity throughout the day can make a world of difference in multiple aspects of life. 

         All key aspects of learning and information retention are influenced through the amount of physical activity a person gets on a daily basis. Many students across the nation struggle with procrastination, and exercising can help avoid this negative habit.

Covid-19 Influence

         Once the pandemic began and brought drastic lifestyle changes alongside, many individuals turned to frequent exercise to help relieve stress. Liberty University student Caleb Prado saw a severe drop in his grades once courses initially went online. "It was such a sudden change, and the majority of my classes have been pretty hands on. I was suddenly trying to focus on schoolwork in a house with all six of my siblings running around." 

         Like any parents with high expectations, the Prado parents were concerned and displeased with the newfound academic struggles brought by Covid-19. "The bottom line is making my parents proud, so seeing them disappointed in me was some serious motivation to make changes." said Prado.

         Due to having high risk family members Prado has spent his past two years taking online classes. "It's definitely been difficult since I somehow still managed to catch the virus twice, but those setbacks were only temporary and helped motivate me more". 

        

         A key aspect in turning that semester around and the online semesters that followed was picking up a new hobby in weight training. Prado despises virtual learning and adapting to a new reality wouldn't have been possible without daily exercise. "My parents would freak out if they heard this, but I don't think I would still be in school today."

Therapeutic Qualities

        In trying times, everybody is fighting their own unseen battle. The outlets for mental health vary person to person. Everybody treats stress and anxiety differently. This stress management plays a vital role in academic performance.

        Wake Tech Student Wyatt Johnson connected his somewhat smooth adjustment from high school to college in a pandemic to his passion for weight lifting.  "I think everybody should do it, exercise has different benefits on everyone"  

        Whenever something was bothering Johnson, strength training was the best way of expelling those negative emotions, "yeah, it was definitely super therapeutic for me and all my grades would be significantly worse without it". 

          Another important observation made was the drastic difference in output post workout, Johnson described this as feeling like an entirely different student. "If I tackle a hard assignment post workout instead of beforehand, the gap in quality is pretty obvious."

        

Physical and Mental Strength

     Fitness is a crucial part of the day for CJ Vagnone, having ADD makes it extremely difficult to study after a class, or just stay focused during one. Exercising helps Vagnone in more ways then he could possibly explain and bolsters his confidence inside and outside of the classroom. " If you see me everyday my sixty day transformation may not be evident, but I think the before and after photos speak for themselves in how much I've changed."

      Like many others Vagnone noticed a strong increase in work ethic, "The actual level of productivity after a strong workout or just a quick jog is unmatched, and without working out I genuinely don't feel as strong mentally." Working out helps create bench markers for setting academic goals as well as personal records.

      Vagnone finds it very important to push yourself to be better physically and mentally and sees no better conduit then frequent exercise. "It's pretty simple, but the quality of my work definitely varies depending on my mood so missing a daily visit to the gym can have a dramatic impact."

      Vagnone has met some of his best friends in the weight room, "Yeah, I've met some great guys there that I eventually had classes with and this was just an additional factor that helped me in those classes". A positive environment in the class room is a key factor in success.

Amount of daily exercise VS student GPA
Arlington Student Magazine
https://www.arlingtonian.com/archives/14342

         

Related Links 

4 Reasons Students Should Make Time for Exercise

Study Boosting Benefits of Exercise

Sources

Physical Activity, Fitness, and Physical Education: Effects on Academic Performance

The Association Between School-Based Physical Activity, Including Physical Education, and Academic Performance

The Link Between Physical Activity and Academic Performance

Association of weekly strength exercise frequency and academic performance among students at a large university in the United States

Weight Training May Help Ease Anxiety

          

Interviews 

Caleb Prado, Liberty University Student (919-720-3384)

CJ Vagnone, High Point University Student (704-718-2165)

Wyatt Johnson, Wake Tech (919-628-6249)